Computer Risks and Exposures Essay Example

Computer Risks and Exposures Essay Example Computer Risks and Exposures Paper Computer Risks and Exposures Paper Computer Risks and Exposures Computers of all kinds within an organisation are constantly faced with a variety of risks and exposures. It is helpful if we first define these terms: Computer risk Probability that an undesirable event could turn into a loss Computer exposure Results from a threat from an undesirable event that has the potential to become a risk Vulnerability A flaw or weakness in the system that can turn into a threat or a risk The total impact of computer risks range from minor to devastating and could include any or all of: Loss of sales or revenues Loss of profits Loss of personnel Failure to meet government requirements or laws Inability to serve customers Inability to sustain growth Inability to operate effectively and efficiently Inability to compete successfully for new customers Inability to stay ahead of the competition Inability to stay independent without being acquired or merged Inability to maintain present customer/client base Inability to control costs I nability to cope with advancements in technology Inability to control employees involved in illegal activities Damage to business reputation Complete business failure Computer risks. exposures and losses may be characterised as intentional or unintentional and may involve actual damage, alteration of data or programs as well as unauthorised dissemination of information. Objects which can be affected include physical items such as the hardware or hard-copy outputs which are both vulnerable to risks such as theft or loss; the tele-communications system which can cause major corporate grief if unavailable for any reason as well as being vulnerable to internal or external penetration; the applications software which, being a major control lement, is vulnerable to change, bypassing or direct sabotage; systems software such as the operating system itself which can also be amended or circumvented; computer operations where control procedures may be amended or bypassed and the data itself where virtually anything could happen. The risks in I. S. are the reverse of the control objectives and must be treated as business risks. As such they are the responsib ility of executive management with enforcement at a technical level. Obviously, the relative importance of risks will vary and the control techniques will vary from industry to industry and from company to company. The risks may be minimised but they can never be totally eliminated. Computer System Threats Threats may come from either external or internal sources and may be intentional or unintentional as well as malicious or non-malicious. Internal threats may come from: Users Management IS Auditors IS Staff Others Acting alone or in collusion. Users Threats from this source are the most commonly occurring and include errors, fraud, breach of confidentiality (commonly accidentally) or malicious damage. The most common causes of these threats are poor supervisory control combined with poor personnel procedures. In many cases far too much power has been granted to users who already have access to the assets. In many cases the users have an in-depth knowledge of the system’s control weaknesses and are in a position to exploit them. Management Threats here again include error and fraud but may also include systems manipulation for Corporate reasons such as profit smoothing or advance booking of sales or delayed recording of costs. Again breach of confidentiality is a hazard together with malicious damage. Common causes here are likely to involve inadequate segregation of duties with management, in many cases, unquestioned regarding decisions they make and transactions they authorise. This, combined with poor personnel procedures and too much power granted, can lead to major problems, particularly when combined with management’s access to assets and their authority to override conventional control levels. IS Auditors A commonly ignored threat, IS auditors again are in a position to commit errors or fraud, to breach confidentiality or cause malicious damage. In many cases there is little or no supervisory control exercised and far too much power granted. The auditors have access to the assets and a detailed knowledge of system weaknesses. In addition they have the right to attempt to break the system, although it is not supposed to be for their gain. IS Staff Threats here include the normal problems of error, fraud and breach of confidentiality as well as malicious damage. In this case, however, the impact of errors etc. tend to be further reaching since they may affect, not single transactions, but every transaction passing through a system. Once again the most common problem is accidental destruction rather than deliberate sabotage. Common causes are typically too much power granted, for example granting of access to live data; poor change control and ineffective division of duties. In many cases computer staff hold the keys to the kingdom and again they have the power associated with knowledge of the system. Others Other people also have access to computer systems, including engineers, salespersons etc. Threats here include again errors, fraud, loss of confidentiality as well as malicious damage and accidental destruction. Common causes in these cases include poor disposal of outputs, careless talk, inadequate access control both physical and logical, publicity and the advent and promotion of open systems. External Threats Threats may come from legitimate external users as well as inter-computer links such as the Internet, Electronic Data Interchange systems, system hackers and viral attacks as well as from natural causes. Such threats are commonly caused by inadequate logical access control resulting in high value systems being unguarded. A poor security attitude within staff coupled with an incorrect concept of Computer Security and an incorrect risk evaluation can also open up such exposures. Risk Management With such a plethora of risk exposures, management must adopt a position on risk. It may involve any or all of accepting the risk, reducing the risk (normally by increased internal control) or transferring the risk. The option which is NOT acceptable is simply ignoring the risk. In order to adopt an appropriate position, management must know and understand the risk. The Risk-based Audit Approach In order to achieve an audit which is both efficient and effective, the risk-based approach allows the auditor to focusing in areas of highest impact. The initial audit activity is therefore to gather or update information about the organisation in order to determine the audit strategy. This determination includes forming audit judgments regarding the organisation and assessing the inherent and control risks in order to determine the appropriate audit testing plan. Inherent risk may be seen as the risks the organisation faces without the mitigating impact of internal controls. Control risks involved those elements of inherent risk not successfully mitigated by the internal control structures. The initial information required would include knowledge of the organisations business and place within its industry, as well as a knowledge of the applicable accounting, auditing and regulatory standards within the industry. These allow the determination of the overall business objectives of the organisation or departmental function. Once the business objectives have been determined the auditor may proceed to identify and isolate the individual details control objectives. For example, the overall objective of the purchasing function is to buy items for the organisation. The control objectives for this function would include ensuring that only the right items are purchased, at the right price, in the right quantity, of the right quality, in an authorised manner, for delivery to the right place at the right time. The risks then become those factors which can prevent fully or partially the achievement of the control objectives. The auditor must then determine which controls will mitigate those risks and what source of evidence exists as to the adequacy and effectiveness of that mitigation. Even prior to testing, the auditor can determine the adequacy of the control structures designed to mitigate the risk on the assumption that the controls function as intended. In other words, if all controls function as intended, would the risks be controlled to management’s predetermined acceptable level. Once the source of evidence has been identified, the auditor can select the appropriate audit technique to determine whether the control objective has been achieved. These techniques could include interviews, reviews of documentation, reviews of systems or the use of computer-assisted audit techniques. After the auditor has decided upon the appropriate audit technique, the appropriate audit tool may be selected. For example if the technique is to interview, the auditor must decide whether the interview will be face-to-face, by telephone, or by videoconferencing. If the technique is to review data on files within the computer, the tool could be generalised audit software, general-purpose software or a specific audit software.

Invention of the Crossbow in Asian History

Invention of the Crossbow in Asian History Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of the trigger. - Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 5th century BCE. The invention of the crossbow revolutionized warfare, and the technology would spread from Asia through the Middle East and into Europe by the medieval period. In a sense, the crossbow democratized warfare - an archer did not need as much strength or skill to deliver a deadly bolt from a crossbow as he or she would have with a traditional compound bow and an arrow. Who Invented the Crossbow? The first crossbows were likely invented either in one of the states of early China  or in neighboring areas of Central Asia, some time before 400 BCE. Its not clear exactly when the invention of this new, powerful weapon took place, or who first thought of it. Linguistic evidence points to a Central Asian origin, with the technology then spreading to China, but records from such an early period are too scanty to determine the origins of the crossbow beyond a doubt. Certainly, the famed military strategist Sun Tzu knew about crossbows. He attributed them to an inventor named Qin from the 7th century BCE. However, the dates of Sun Tzus life  and the first publication of his Art of War  are also subject to controversy, so they cannot be used to establish the early existence of the crossbow beyond a doubt. Chinese archaeologists Yang Hong and Zhu Fenghan believe that the crossbow may have been invented as early as 2000 BCE, based on artifacts in bone, stone, and shell that may be crossbow triggers. The first known hand-held crossbows with bronze triggers were found in a grave in Qufu, China, dating from c. 600 BCE. That burial was from the State of Lu, in what is now Shandong Province, during Chinas Spring and Autumn Period (771-476 BCE). Archaeological Evidence Additional archaeological evidence shows that crossbow technology was widespread in China during the late Spring and Autumn Period. For example, a mid-5th century BCE grave from the State of Chu (Hubei Province) yielded bronze crossbow bolts, and a tomb burial in Saobatang, Hunan Province from the mid-4th century BCE also contained a bronze crossbow. Some of the Terracotta Warriors buried along with Qin Shi Huangdi (260-210 BCE) carry crossbows. The first known repeating crossbow was discovered in another 4th century BCE tomb in Qinjiazui, Hubei Province. Importance in History Repeating crossbows, called zhuge nu in Chinese, could shoot multiple bolts before needing to be reloaded. Traditional sources attributed this invention to a Three Kingdoms period tactician named Zhuge Liang (181-234 CE), but the discovery of the Qinjiazui repeating crossbow from 500 years before Zhuges lifetime proves that he was not the original inventor. It seems likely that he improved significantly on the design, however. Later crossbows could fire as many as 10 bolts in 15 seconds before being reloaded. Standard crossbows were well-established across China by the second century CE. Many contemporary historians cited the repeating crossbow as a key element in Han Chinas Pyrrhic victory over the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu and many other nomadic peoples of the Central Asian steppes used ordinary compound bows with great skill  but could be defeated by legions of crossbow-wielding infantry, particularly in sieges and set-piece battles. Koreas King Sejong (1418-1450) of the Joseon Dynasty introduced the repeating crossbow to his army after seeing the weapon in action during a visit to China. Chinese troops continued to use the weapon through the late Qing Dynasty era, including the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Unfortunately, crossbows were no match for modern Japanese weaponry, and Qing China lost that war. It was the last major world conflict to feature crossbows. Sources Landrus, Matthew. Leonardos Giant Crossbow, New York: Springer, 2010.Lorge, Peter A. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, 2011.Selby, Stephen. Chinese Archery, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000.Sun Tzu. The Art of War, Mundus Publishing, 2000.

WEEK 8 DISCUSSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 8 DISCUSSION - Essay Example Additionally, the use of a Professional Development Plan and the use of a Personal Technology Contingency Plan in studying are quite as it ensures continuity when power fails. More so, the use of the Walden University library site and its research databases in the search for articles and Scholarly Peer Reviews was most fundamental in our research. Nevertheless, time management was the ultimate strategy that propelled us to success. Indeed, identifying the best time and the most conducive environment for studying is significant in ensuring that one uses power time to study, down time for leisure, and few distractions during studies. In addition, it is always effective to study the difficult subjects first and adequately distribute the learning time to ensure understanding comes in handy. At the same time, it is necessary to create time for relaxation, entertainment, eating, and sleeping as they replace consumed energy in learning and ensures a fresh mind for further studies. Time management enables timely collection of data, analysis, documentation, and presentation. At the same time, adequate supervision and direction from the instructor is equally significant in a research study. We also discovered that group discussions offers open chances for more understanding on the research topics. Similarly, remain focused to the objectives of the research is also another strategy that guarantees success. However, to enhance success in a group, one must ensure teamwork and participation. I equally took keen interest on Walden residency and the Research Center (Center for Research Support), watched the Webinar, and learned more on Doctor of Business Administration. As a as a doctoral student, one has to participate in a Walden residency for purposes of research and scholarship. The terms and conditions guiding academic residency stipulate that one may only register for one residency per term. The PHD residency

Is It Convincing to Propose That Matter Can Have Agency Research Paper

Is It Convincing to Propose That Matter Can Have Agency - Research Paper Example There are also scholars who argue that matter does not have agency. They say that it is individuals and societies who tend to ascribe some kind of agency to matter, but that is limited to continuums of time and space. The substance of this paper is to examine in depth the assertion in Sociology that matter has agency or a life of its own so to speak. This is understood in the context that human beings tend to attribute life-like characteristics to inanimate objects which give them conventionally accepted life and functional forms that they did not have initially. This paper delves into the extent of truth about this assertion that matter does have agency. Meaning of Matter in Social Life Human beings is essentially social beings. They do not exist on their own even if they do make individual decisions at times. In order to augment their existence, they inevitably use matter. Take the cross for example; in Christian ideology, the cross symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus Christ by the Roman authorities in order to enable the salvation of mankind from sin. However, in a much wider sense, the presence of the cross on a building has become an insignia of Christianity as a religion (Christiano, 2008, 228). Another much-explored meaning of matter in sociology is on the question of security. The passport is considered an important document of identification in international travel. Once a passport is handed over at an airport, there are coded messages in it in the form of barcodes which can be read by a computer to establish identity. Moreover, there is an attached photograph and writings which identify the holder. A lot of communication takes place between the passport and the security agent examining without any input from the passport holder. As such the passport is capable to communicate on its own just as if it were a person (Carter, Simon, 2008, 8). These examples are seen as giving the cross and passport a life of their own independent of the people immediately using them. Since they both play an important role in social life; the cross being an agent of Christian identity and belief and the passport being an agent of individual identity and right of getting through a checkpoint; they are both seen as having agency (Carter, Simon, 2008, 8). An important factor to consider in analyzing this role of matter as having agency is the issue of individuality. An individual is a constant factor of sociological analysis. Though there is raging controversy on whether an individual is the basic unit of sociological analysis or there is no such thing as an individual outside the social setting; the bottom line is that any society is made up of individuals. Certain circumstances, like moving through customs, force persons to present themselves as individuals even if they are in a family group. Individuality is, therefore, an inevitable aspect of human existence and identity (Carter, Simon, 2008, 9-10). The passport helps in identifying the human person as an individual. At an airport, even in a family group, an individual has to produce his own passport which identifies him only and not as part of the larger group. Yet the individual is shaped by society and in sociology is therefore seen as part of the larger social group. To sociologists, therefore, the individual is always seen as part and parcel of the society that shapes his character and world view.

Budgetary Control: Advantages and Disadvantages

Budgetary Control: Advantages and Disadvantages Budget and budgetary control are the two most important aspects of any business. The budgetary control acts as a complimentary aspect to budget and works and in hand. Budget can e termed as an accounting concept, whereby, an organization and its members, try to define the trend of activities of an organization during a course of time, depending on the past experience. Budgets, comes up various figures relating to sales, purchase etc. and puts forward a frame of reference in front of its employees and other members. Thus, it helps an organization to keep a check on its present activities in relation to budget thus provided, and this check in words can be termed as budgetary control. Budgets, by definition, have to be prepared in advance; and as a result, often referred to as the feed forward system. Feed forward incorporates the most important aspect of budgeting: looking at situations in advance, thinking about the impact and implications of things in advance and attempting to take control of situations in advance. Budget and budgetary control seems to stream line the activities of organizations and provides a disciplinary outlook. Budgets are often termed as integral part of any business and thus, play a vital role in a organizational success. In the following report, an attempt has been made to put across a brief overview in regard to the same. A budget can be described as a plan expressed in quantitative and money terms. Budgets are usually prepared and approved in advance and take into consideration the period it needs to be used and the similar period on the previous years. Budgets are prepared to put across a picture whereby, an organization tries to implement different actions and planning to attain the budgetary figures. Budgets are prepared on a department wise as well as a whole. The budgetary figures put across helps an organization to gear up its activities and often act in boosting up the employee motivation. However, since budget and budgetary facts and figures relates to future, the forecasting and its preparation should be taken care off. BUDGETORY CONTROL As already mentioned, budget and budgetary control works hand in hand. A budget puts forward the financial data representation of certain facts and figures depending on the past, which needs to be fulfilled in the near future. However, budgetary control ensures the fact that the budget is properly followed and an organization attains the predetermined growth. In other words, the concept of budgetary control can be described as an action relating to the usage on the budget to attain pre-determined organizational success. The whole phenomenon can be described as a chain of activities whereby, budgets are prepared to attain an organizational goal and then, the successful implementation and following those figures in different sphere of activities can be described as budgetary control. In simple words, budgetary control relates to the establishment of budgets relating the responsibilities of budget holders the needs of a policy. Budgetary control also relates to the continuous comparison of actual with budgeted results to ensure that the objectives of the same are properly achieved; or to provide a basis for the change of those objectives. In summary, a budget is a statement setting out the monetary, numerical or non quantitative aspects of an organisations plans for the coming week or month or year. Budgetary control is the analysis of what happened when those plans came to be put into practice, and what the organisation did or did not do to correct for any variations from these plans. BENEFITS OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL Budgets provide benefits both for the business, and also for its managers and other staffs: The budget assists planning A budget is prepared for the future in order ensures proper allocation of resources among all the departments and so that the organization attains the predetermined success. A budget thus assists a business to plan its future course of action. The budget communicates and co-ordinates A budget once prepared and accepted by the authority is usually communicated to all the departments and other members so that all the work can be properly co-ordinated. The budget helps in controlling over-utilisation of resources or increase in cost/expenses and a decrease in incomes/sales. The budget helps in decision-making process A budget is designed kept in mind the future course of action and thus, helps in the decision-making activities of the future. The budget can be used to monitor and control A budget helps in keeping a control on the overall activities of a business organization. The budget can be used to motivate and control A budget puts forward certain monthly and quarterly figures which different departments needs to attain during that specific. Often on attaining such figures, the employees are rewarded with bonus or increments. The budget maintains a discipline A budget helps an organization to maintain a discipline over its expenditure trends and thus, keeps a maintains an organizational discipline. LIMITATIONS OF BUDGET BUDGETARY CONTROL Though there are various benefits to the fact of budget and budgetary control, however, there are few limitations also and these are described below: Benefits of producing a budget should exceed its cost Often small organizations cannot cope up with the cost of budgeting and maintain its activities at par. For tem, budgets are of mere use. Budgets are often not accurate This document provides details based on the figures of the past and therefore, it often happens that the budgets are not realistic because of the changes in the market structure and demand pattern. The budget might demotivate Employees who might not be able to achiee the budgeted targets might be demotivated with the budget. Budgets might lead to dysfunctional management Targets might pose in a threat within various departments of an organization. For example, a production department might achieve extra output than the sales department actually requires. As a result, budgets need to be set at realistic levels and linked and co-ordinated across all departments with proper informations. Budgets might be set at too low levels Budgets being prepared by individuals can be manipulated and hence, should be properly checked because low level budgets might effect the work culture. Applicability of Budgeting and Budgetary Control Budgeting can be applied to virtually every situation. Different organizations require different types of budgeting in order to achieve its organizational goal. As it can be pointed out, there are many issues underlying the use of a budgeting system that need careful consideration. For example, the budgeting systems cannot just be imposed on an organisation nor do they run themselves. Managers at all levels often resent revised budgets and budget targets afer closely inspecting the present scenario. The budgeting process The budgeting process is a very lengthy process: typically, for a large organisation, the pre budgeting phase can begin up to a year before the budget period starts. In this section, Jones and Pendlebury (1984), pp62-63, gives some insight into the beginning of the budgeting cycle for the preparationTimetable for preparation of detailed revenue budget and capital programme for a Local Authority. The process starts in June in the year preceding the budget period with the draft budget manual being sent to Finance Officers, who discuss this draft with their departmental staff (with a view to adoption or amendment). The budgetary planning phase is completed in March (ready for an April start) when the printed budget book is published and the approved estimates are put into the financial control system. The budget period The budget period is the period for which a set of budgets is prepared: typically the budget period is of one years duration, and will be designed to coincide with an organisations financial, or fiscal, year. There is no reason why a budget period has to be one year, but typically it is. However, a fiscal year is usually divided into several smaller periods such as monthly or quarterly to keep a close check on the departmental activities. However, in certain situations, the budget period will be analysed according some particular feature of the work in that situation: for example, stockbrokers have their year divided into accounts of two and three weeks duration. These divisions of a budget period are control periods. Budget centres Different organizations are tend to be divided in various organizational departments to ensure the maximum benefit of the budget and the budgetary control. A budget centre is one part of an organisation for which budgets are prepared. That is, a budget centre, like a cost or profit centre, is a section of an organisation (division, department, building, individual) for which a separate budget is prepared. Interrelationships of budgets As mentioned, different budget centres get their specific budget and according to them they plan their activities. But, strikingly, all these departmental budgets has interlinked and possess inter-relationships and as a result, has to be worked out properly, in order to apply it effectively. On preparation of sales budget, it can be easily noted that the same has got strong links with the stock budget and the stock budget has strong links with the cash budget. Therefore, when any of the budgets are changed it has its direct impact on the other related budgets. The more complex the organisation and the more complex the processes within that organisation, the greater the number and variety of interrelationships that any budget for that organisation is bound to contain. Conclusion In the above paragraphs, various aspects of budgeting has been discussed. After all the discussions it can be further concluded that a budget plays an integral part of any business operations and in order to assure the proper utilisation of budget and to keep a close check on the different activities of an organization, budgetary control is necessary. Both these process helps an organization to attain its organizational goal. However, all the details provided in this report are not absolute and are subject to various limitations pertaining to limited knowledge, time and resources. But, we hope that the report will provide a brief idea about the subject. Art Therapy: Types and Effectiveness Art Therapy: Types and Effectiveness [D1] Art[D2] therapy is part of communicative therapy that focuses on the creative process for building up an artistic approach to recover a person’s mental, physical, emotional well-being. The artistic process [D3]involve in one expressing itself artistically which can support people to understand issues and to develop and accomplish their feelings and behavior, to reduce stress and to improve self-esteem and self-awareness. You do not need to be a talented or artist person to get the  benefits. There are experts that will work with you to get deep into the primary messages delivered through your arts, which will support in the remedial process. Art therapy can accomplish several things for several people. Therapists use art for counseling by, healing, rehabilitation, treatment, psychotherapy and in a broad sense of the term; it is used to manipulate one’s inner self in a way, which may provide the person with the deeper understanding of him/her self. Art therapists are experts, trained in both therapy and art. They are familiar about human growth, psychological concepts, clinical training, divine, diverse and creative traditions and the remedial potential of the art. Art is used in treatment, valuation, investigation, and provide consultations to associated professionals. Art therapist work with people of every age: individuals, families, couples, groups and societies. They provide facilities both individually and as a part of clinical groups, in situations that contain mental health, rehabilitation, remedial and scientific institutions; community outreach programs; schools; corporate structures; and independent practices.The best part is tha tanyone can use the art therapy. In the world where there is the multitude of methods to express and communicate one’s self. One of major differences among art therapy and the other methods of communication is that maximum other methods of communication provoke the use of words and la nguage as a mean of communication. One of the splendors of art as therapy is the capability of a person to express their feelings through any kind of art. However there are various other types of expressive therapies but expressive art therapy typically uses more traditional forms of the art such as painting, drawing, sculpture, or the variety of other types of graphic art expression.Art counselors are skilled to understand nonverbal symbols metaphors that are frequently expressed through the art and through the creative procedure, ideas that are typically hard to express through words. It is with this process that the person really originates to notice the effects of the art therapy and discoveries that can be made. Multiple sclerosis(MS) is aprovocativedisease in which theshielding coversofnerve cellsin thebrainandthe spinal cordare damaged. This damage interrupts the capacity of portions of the nervous system to communicate. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments endeavor to improve the function after the attack and avert new attacks. Art counselors work with these patients to support them to come to the terms with their condition and understand to accept their reality. Art therapy doesn’t always change peoples lives in a small period of time though but it does compromise a solution to their issues that is less clinical and complex than what they had tried before. MS is a complex disease that is difficult to define and hard to describe to those who doesn’t experience the nerve pain or the muscle spasms and the other physical limitations. Unfortunately, if you keep your feelings and thoughts to only yourself it can become both emotionally and physically harmful. Art therapies can help a persondevelop and express theemotional effect of MSwithout the use of words, improving stress situations and helping the person forge better contacts with friends, family and the medical team. The main purpose of art therapy is to relieve the stress, understand emotions, and to restore the sense of control confidence. Though it is a broad term but art therapy classically refers to any type of creative expression that is directed by an expert therapist who is committed to helping a patient revitalize their bodily and psychological health and skills. However doing art at your home on your own can also have positive effect. Here are few of the most important benefits of art therapy on MS patients, they include: Stress relief –Distracting your feelings and concentrating on a positive activity for some time is beneficial for relieving stress. Art itself is a fantastic mode to transfer focus and the slow monotonous actions of painting, drawing or even sculpting can physically provide peace to the body. Depression less and isolation –As MS signs begin to hinder with your movement or energy levels, your social life starts to suffer and finally, numerous MS patients become isolated, nervous and depressed. Being with a person who understands your moods and symptoms can provide a healthy bonding opportunity. Graphical help for vocal problems –It is not rare to get tongue-tied or merely give up on explanation for your symptoms and to state of mind to public/people. Unfortunately, a deficiency of communication means less effective remedy which leads to more suffering. Various people found out that they could express difficult thoughts easily with a graphical representation, specifically after getting into the pace of the artistic method. For numerous MS patients, only holding on to the paintbrush is an important challenge. The final product is not essentially the most significant part of the treatment; the act of producing is what releases the tension, inspires self-exploration, and support social activities. Art therapists use lots of other genres to understand their patients, including music, movement, dance and writing. Artistic treatment is a way of using the arts for example art, music, dance or drama in a beneficial environment with a qualified therapist. In arts treatment, MS patient are helped to express themselves by creating something, anything such as any kind of music or a painting, sometimes even a play. This could help them express their feelings, without even using words. When some patients could not talk without choking on their tears, the treatment gives them a voice and a mode to express themselves without having to talk. They don’t need to have any kind of special skill or any experience of doing art, dance, music or drama to discover the arts therapy supportive. The target is not to yield a great work of art but to enhance their creations to understand them better. There are different arts therapies available for different type of MS patients. They all have recognized professional figures and provide guideline and codes of practice for their patients. Music therapy In this therapy, MS patient communicate with their therapist through music. This means playing, singing or even listening to music. If the patient is doing group music therapy, therapist can also use music to communicate with other patients in the group. Music therapies can be helpful in various ways. It could help patient express difficult feelings and hard memories that they find too hard to talk about in words. It could bring back the old feelings and the memories they thought they had forgotten, helping to deal with hard things in their past and move on. It could help them get used to expressing themselves, which can then help them write or talk about their feelings more easily. The therapist could use music to connect with their patients, even if they are not consciously listening. That may be helpful if they find it really hard to communicate with new people, and can help them feel more capable to involve with other people. Music therapy typically uses tapping or simple melodic instruments that can be played, even if patients don’t have any kind of experience of playing music. For example: drums wood blocks maracas bells chime bars Simple harps. In this therapy, you may improvise music or play precise bits of music that you can practice and progress over time. During the session, the therapist will listen to the music patients create, and they use it to try and apprehend how patients are feeling. They will respond to this by playing one of their own music and practice this to try make positive deviations to how a patient feels. They may also help patient to use music to explore their feelings and to think about how to relate to people. Dance therapy Dance therapy uses dance movements to help one express their feelings. It can help therapist to become aware of emotions that one find it hard to discuss, and to make a patient feel more comfortable with their body. Dance therapies can be mainly helpful if the MS patients are having these issues: Patients have negative feelings about their body for example, if they have a mental health issue related to their appearance, including eating problems orthe body dysmorphic disorderor (BDD). Their emotional problems come out as physical illnesses for example, if they have depression, they can experience physical pain as part of this issue. They find physical interaction with other people hard. They feel separate or disconnected from their surroundings, or even out-of-touch with normal life They are taking medication that disturbs the way they move They have been sexually or physically abused, or have experienced a trauma. In the dance therapy session, the therapist watches the way the patient move in order to comprehend more about how they are feeling, and helps them to express themselves through their movements. The therapist can encourage patients to change their movements to help change the way they feel. Like if a patient is feeling low or depressed, they may hunch their shoulders and appear smaller than they are. The therapist then can encourage them to reach up and stand more upright, to help them feel more self-confident. It is a nice idea to wear loose and comfortable clothes with light, flat shoes or even bare feet when doing dance therapy, so one can feel more comfortable when they are moving around. Drama therapy: Drama therapy is another form of therapy that uses the theatre and drama. It is mostly used in groups, but can also be offered as a one-to-one basis. In drama therapy, there are a range of different techniques. Improvisation: making up small plays or sketches Role play: acting the part of a specific person in a precise situation, such as being a parent or a child. Mime: acting without using any words Movement: using the body to express yourself Rhythm: using diverse rhythms in a speech to help develop your control on the way you express yourself. Speech: using voice in ways that one otherwise find difficult such as shouting, whispering or crying. Acting out: replaying behaviors that has caused one’s problem in the past, to help to learn to do things differently, or to replaying a situation you find difficult. However, you do not have to only act in drama therapy. You can also be part in other parts of theatre, like: being a director or producer lighting person making scenery, costume or the props Being the audience: this can be mainly helpful if you are feeling stunned or you want some space without wanting to leave the group. Drama therapy can help in several ways: Expressing how you feel in a drama can help you understand to put tough experiences behind you. Using Stories, imagery or symbols in a drama allows you to discover difficult or aching things that have occurred to you from a harmless distance, without having you to repeat the detail of your own story. It can also help you to explore and understand the relationships with people, and can help you to address various problems. During a session, therapist may use or adjust existing stories. They may improvise sketches or the plays. Patients have to act out a situation that has actually happened, or to make up a whole new one, to help them understand the feelings and relationships better. Arts therapy: Art therapy usually uses painting, clay and various other types of art to help patients get in touch with their feelings and express themselves. The art they make can also help their therapist understand more about their feelings and what is causing them, and can help them learn how to deal with things. The different materials that are used in the art can be helpful in various ways. For example: Objects as stones, pieces of trash or bark may help them reconnect with nature and help them feel closer to the world around them. Objects they find may remind them of experiences they have had and helped them express and explore their feelings around them. Clay can be valuable if they find using color difficult due to attack Clay may help them move on from difficult feelings and experiences. The shape of clay is easily changed and transformed to show changes in the emotions or circumstances. Using a camera can help them to connect with the present moment and with life it creates an immediate picture but at the same time keep them separate from what they are photographing, as they see it through a camera screen or lens. Taking a photo can help them deal with their situation, as they think about how the things they choose to photograph might be connected with memories and emotions in their past. During the session, a patient or a therapist can decide what type of things they might create, or they might use music, poetry or a story to give some ideas. As part of a therapy, a patient may display their artwork in an exhibition which can help them accept their state and emotions and feel more accepted by others, because their experiences are presented in a way that is better for other people to understand. This may be mainly useful if they have felt alienated after the attack. Various people find that enclosing their art is also a supportive part of therapy. For example, the frame may represent a limit that contains the emotions in a picture and makes them safe. These are few things that must be focused by a therapist while dealing with a MS patient during a therapy. Innovation: Use of a detailed art material or graphical media to address patient’s presenting problems or for the strength and well-being of patients. Adaptation: Development of a detailed interference based on a psychotherapeutic approach such aspsychoanalysis,CBT, or other model. Popularity: Consistent presence in literature conferences, or workshops, whether it is the actual intervention or variation of an intervention. Edith[D4] Kramer, a renowned USA art therapist, artist and author, who is working for MS patients for several years, is credited with inventing the term third hand, the idea central to her approach to the art as therapy. To Kramer, the art therapy’s purpose is to allow the individual to generate graphical images that expressively and truthfully connect with experience and to the best of the person abilities. Kramers position resonances psychoanalyst, Theodore Reikslistening with the Third Ear, a discourse describing how psychotherapists instinctively use their owninsensibleminds to decode and understand their clients. Here is an explanation of the third hand involvement in its modest form. When working with a child patient, therapist might cultivate a drawing for the kid to polish as a way of creating a relationship or communication. In another scenario, Therapist might save a childs clay character from tumbling apart by showing the child how to strengthen the legs or framework. Sometimes the art therapist literally becomes the hands for a specific patient; a mature with a incapacitating MS illness may need therapist to help cut and arrange the photos for a collage. Other times, therapist might make art during the session alongside a patient if it is therapeutically helpful or they might even communicate something nonverbally through an artistic communication rather than using words. Active imagination, in its widest sense, has a much greater role in the art therapy than just permitting impulsive images to disclose. It has a appropriate significance in modern practice because of fresh interest inm indfulness and methods such as dialectical behavior therapy and somatic experiencing, focusing on encouraging one to stick with the image and the bodys felt sense. These methods are progressively being used as methods for addressingtraumareactions and posttraumaticstress, among other emotional challenges and disorders due to MS. Mindfulness, adopted byneuroscience gurus likeDan Siegel and others, is a practice of harmonizing, very much similar to the nonjudgmental, alert concentration found in active imagination. Active imagination is just that a distinction on mindfulness exercise which is all about evolving a more serious ability to elucidate ones thoughts, feelings and physical experiences. The advantage in using art expression is that it takes the products of lively imagination into concrete form, something that art therapy grasps central and striking to the remedial process. And as Jung implicit, staying with the image just may be the excellent function that helps patients see who they are, hold the moment, and accept what is, rather than what ought to be. Art therapists and psychologists, along with some counselors have consequently adapted the idea of ‘how do you feel right now’ in a range of ways. Children, for instance, may be asked to draw faces articulating mad, sad, glad and scared to help them connect their emotional[D5]experiences to the therapist. An activity usually called a body scan is alternative general repetition that involves using a sketch of a body as stage for using drawing, collage or paint to portray where emotions are felt in the body. Its a method that is showing to be mainly useful with people who have posttraumatic stress symptoms and MS symptoms because it often helps them to graphically identify distressful body feelings related to suffering reactions. While there are other similar directives, many art therapists, take a more free form method and simply ask patients to use color, shapes and lines, or images to express feelings when suitable to thegoalsof therapy. Citations: http://www.arttherapyblog.com/what-is-art-therapy/#.VSQPE_mUdNM http://ms.newlifeoutlook.com/art-therapy-for-ms/ http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/08/17/5-quick-facts-about-art-therapy/ http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/arts-therapies/#.VSQTVfmUdNM https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/arts-and-health http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis [D1]Give Proper Title [D2]Heading needed. What is this paragraph about? [D3]Font size is required to set as 12pts and Line spacing is required to be set as â€Å"Double or 2.0† [D4]Heading needed. [D5]Though it’s nice but you are required to get rid of the Image. An Inspector Calls: Character Analysis of the Inspector An Inspector Calls: Character Analysis of the Inspector The Inspector also interrogates the characters in a particularly harsh and rude manner. He scares them and pressures them until they finally break and confess the truth. He tries to make them feel guilty by continuously trying to make them see their errors and how they have been forgetting socialism, making them seem selfish and unbearable. He uses a lot of rhetorical questions to make the characters think about what they have done and probe at the truth. A good example of this is when the Inspector is talking to Sheila, just after she admits to having Eva Smith fired from Milwards. He says, And so you used the power you had, as a daughter of a good customer and also of a man well known in the town, to punish the girl just because she made you feel like that? he makes Sheila feel guilty and say, And if I could help her now, I would-. The Inspector then goes on to say, (harshly) Yes, but you cant. Its too late. Shes dead. Even though Sheila was already feeling guilty, the Inspector continues to remind her what she has done and the fact that Eva Smith is dead, making Sheila feel even worse. The Inspector makes the characters own up to their actions and reveal what he already seems to know, for example, towards the conclusion of the first act, when Gerald talks to Sheila about the time he spent with Daisy Renton last summer. He knows by now that Gerald has somewhat to establish and its just a matter of time before everything should unravel: The door opens and the Inspector walks in the room constantly in mind of questioning them. Inspector Well? At this moment in time he uses technique to give a bit on the next part of the story and where we could decide what may or may not happen. We see how the Birling and Gerald react, such as using the word good? At the exact moment this way, the characters will confess, Its as if they knew what was expected of them when they are wrong, because the Inspector is bluffing stories out bit by bit, only giving them one small bit of something, its as if he is starting a story and the Birlings are finishing it. Consequently the characters too are confused themselves in my opinion, because they are doing him a vast favour by telling him the truth, and this is one my favourite functions where he is able to manipulate the mind of the family through his interrogation in a situation where he knows he is bluffing and therefore it is a very good effect. It is used for large results, for example when he mentions the name Daisy Renton, Gerald suddenly says What? The Inspector responds instantly to the reaction of Gerald also now knowing that Gerald had known and expecting that he can hide this fact from the Inspector. However, the Birling family begin to see what the Inspector has done to them; however it is a little too late. For example, at the end of the second act, Sheila said: It gives us the rope so that we will hang him. Its like in the beginning when they commence to understand that they all had something to do with the death of Eva Smith and the Inspector comes eye to eye with each of them and with all the knowledge they need he ends up coming down hard on them, because the Inspector wants to see that the family feel remorse for their actions. In this moment in time Sheila is seeing this interrogation clearly and demonstrates this by saying somehow, he makes you. She sees clearly that the Inspector was knocking or building a wall between them and what they hide away from the Inspector. This is because it originates in their household since most of the information and each characters role in suicide of Eva Smith. In addition to the family of the Birling, they reveal more of the truth behin d their stories to the Inspector, whilst he has just supplied them with very little information. The Inspector also controls speech and movement on stage, for example, it controls speech as he admitted their connection with the death of Eva Smith, but he also controls the movement, for example at the beginning of the third act: Eric Can I have a drink first? The Inspector said very positively: Yes! I know it is your son and your home, but to watch. He needs a drink now, just to see it through. That is why Mr. Birling is literally forced to say Then go to Eric that he is hump by the Inspector Goole. It seems that if a higher power, and the power of authority is clearly established here. So he tries to show he is not here to mess about, but comes here to get the facts and deal directly with the murder mystery. Ideally there are many other occasions when similar actions occur in the room. At the end of the second act, the Inspector is able to Mrs. Birling to say that whoever got the Eva Smith pregnant should be punished severely; its show when she said: It must be dealt with very harshly. In telling her story in a very swollen and in a very emotional, so it feels great remorse that he and the family to find it was Eric who got her pregnant. It also creates irony and tension moments, it also hinders it, because it means that everything she said, is regretted by her. Finally, it pays the most money. I also believe that we have sympathy for that because the unborn baby has grown to own grandchildren Mrs. Birling and all this leading to his refusal to help when she came to ask for help when she needed most, so that lead to the accumulation of the death of his granddaughter when she is extremely sad over. One of the functions of Inspectors worked to good effects as it impact on the mind of Mr. Birling mind being changed. This relates to its function in the game as a sort of manipulative character that may also be brainwashing some of the characters in the room. In my opinion, that is what makes this wonderful and unique Inspector. It is really the only reason the Inspector Goole, visit the Birling. He just literally gets his point across and let them helpless. Leaving them wondering. Its like trying to find the pieces to join them to form a puzzle, and this is exactly the case with the Inspector, and they finished it, when they understand what the Inspector has really done for them. At the beginning of the play when he said that if Eva Smith wasnt sacked from his works, people like herself may eventually ask for the world. Then later in the play, he said: I would give thousands. He directs this to help out in knowing that now she is dead, and it all started because he was fired from his works. I think Mr. Birling is not too concerned about the scandal Eva Smith / Daisy Renton. But I also think it takes maturity and responsibility, and show some remorse for his actions and what is shown when the exact words said above I would give thousands. Inspector creates moments of tension in the room, like when he stops and says good. He slowed his speech for the person to talk to their point, he does so skilfully to let them clean what they have done. Currently, the public is at the edge of their seat because it is repeated continuously as happens throughout the piece. For example, in the first act ends so the word good is just perfect for creating a cliff hanging and JB Priestley, clearly demonstrated. Mrs. Birling I do not know anything about this girl. The Inspector seriously good, we shall see, Mrs. Birling. This then gives a chance to own before Inspector Goole to act on itself. However little we can hardly ever gives the public an idea of what is coming next. Inspector Goole is acting like a say in the moral history of Priestley and this is reflected in the dialogue of fence-viewers. It teaches that everyone is linked and we should all cooperate to make the world a better place. Thats when the speech begins, One Eva Smith has gone, but there are many more Eva Smith and John Smiths currently with us. This shows a contrast with the public good prospects in the hope of something. With their lives, their hopes and fears. This is a memorable phrase that will highlight the dialogue, and it is also an example of three things listed. Continuing his final dialogue with all the confusing our presence, with what we do, believe and think with each other. It shows a most memorable phrasing which then leads to a positive impact on readers that we will be more committed. Also at the end of the sentence, the list of three. This may be in minds of readers and their influence on socialism. We do not stay and live by ourselves, we are associates of a community as a whole, and we are responsible to each other. This is about as positive as it includes the word we, which makes the public to identify what is being said. In the last sentence of the Inspectors dialogue, he said, If men will not learn this lesson, the consequences are that fire, blood and anguish would be brought up against them. In this sentence the introduction of the first person singular is put forward to the audience he speaks directly with a serious tone towards what he says. In addition, some phrases are memorable, like fire and blood and anguish. They could be regarded as a prophecy of two world wars yet to come that Priestley wrote the play to make a political point in ending the dialogue. In addition, this makes the game more inexplicable. The Inspector is considered a time traveler . As if he is a man who has traveled back in time to tell everyone back in 1912 (when the room has been created), which is approaching here two world wars. This is another effect used by JB Priestley to recognize this game as a message to the people of the world. It can also be regarded as a time unit, where he went in the past and the story told in the future, this extension to intensify the effect. It then ends with Good Night which is a positive way to conclude his speech. To include to Priestleys voice, the character, Mr. Birling is presented as a sort of capitalist slave and the Inspector is charged in the fight with him all the way by showing him as an increasingly negative influence. Probably a socialist when we, like most readers realize the problems in the book, then looking at a wider horizon, they can also be debated issues around the world who are currently in progress, For as we, as the Inspector said in his final speech. In addition, this greatly helps change the publics views on politics and in giving them a slightly different viewpoint, like what is happening on the planet we live now? Such as the current wars and other issues. In my opinion, Inspector Goole is the speech, not necessarily for the characters on stage, but the audience. It may be a bit of a fascinating dialogue because it is very well built and it persuades people to learn from their mistakes and act on them. Priestley has done an excellent job of putting ideas across most of them are very important points that are generally neglected in our daily lives. I think the inspector is able to put the point across and Priestley that captures public attention, very well with his speech-making, and (Priestley) objectives have been successfully proposed. The Inspector is the maker of all the tension and drama as well as the mystery in which this play has to offer, and he used incredibly well to capture the attention of the audience. I think Priestley, as done well using Inspector Goole as the main character in the play because of the development he has to shows throughout the many different scenarios. The whole piece concludes with a sense that has demonstrated very well that priests can be considered a moral of the play, which is that the actions of everyone affects everyone and no one should be selfish as this may have an effect on anyones personal lives greatly in a sequence of events. The Inspector makes the characters own up to their actions and reveal what he already seems to know, for example, towards the conclusion of the first act, when Gerald talks to Sheila about the time he spent with Daisy Renton last summer. At the exact moment this way, the characters will confess, Its as if they knew what was expected of them when they are wrong, because the Inspector is bluffing stories out bit by bit, only giving them one small bit of something, its as if he is starting a story and the Birlings are finishing it. The Inspector responds instantly to the reaction of Gerald also now knowing that Gerald had known and expecting that he can hide this fact from the Inspector. Its like in the beginning when they commence to understand that they all had something to do with the death of Eva Smith and the Inspector comes eye to eye with each of them and with all the knowledge they need he ends up coming down hard on them, because the Inspector wants to see that the family feel remorse for their actions. The Inspector also controls speech and movement on stage, for example, it controls speech as he admitted their connection with the death of Eva Smith, but he also controls the movement, for example at the beginning of the third act: To include to Priestleys voice, the character, Mr Birling is presented as a sort of capitalist slave and the Inspector is charged in the fight with him all the way by showing him as an increasingly negative influence. I think Priestley, as done well using Inspector Goole as the main character in the play because of the development he has to shows throughout the many different scenarios I think the purpose of his visit was to show the family that their  lives and what they do during their life is far more influential than they realise, either positively or negatively. Had they helped Eva  Smith, her life may not have been lost, but in fact, the Inspectors intention was to help them see where they went wrong and secure them on the right path if they were willing to respond. He wanted to aid  them in their understanding that in life there are huge decisions and choices to make which, if are chosen wrongly, can have devastating effects, not only for them but for other people . The reason the Police Inspector arrived here at the Birling household was to investigate a suicide. He seemed to already know everything that the family told him of the questions he was asking. It was as though he had been watching them for the past 10 or so years and knew everything  that had gone on. It appears innocent, just routine innocuous questioning. Sheila used her authority, coming from a wealthy family, to get Eva Smith fired, I went to the manager at Milwards and I told him that if they didnt get rid of that girl, Id never go near the place again and Id persuade mother to close our account with them. When Sheila hears the news that Eva Smith has killed herself she is devastated. She looks at the photograph of Eva Smith, (recognizes it with a little cry, gives a half stifled sob, and then runs out). Her mood also changes and she starts to see things in a different perspective to try and understand the situation and her involvement in it. She regrets what she has done and promises to never, never do it again to anybody. At this stage the audience sees Sheila as a very honest individual. She admits that she was jealous and that her pride was insulted and that If shed been some miserable plain little creature, I dont suppose Id have done it. But she was very pretty. Eva Smith killed herself because she could not withstand the pro blems mounting in her life; she had no money, no friends and no family. As Sheila observes everyones involvement in Eva Smiths downfall she begins to recognize the message behind Inspector Gooles visit to the Birling Family, Well he inspected us alright.

Ehe problem of evil Essay

No matter what you believe, all religions try to prevent evil from happening. Through beliefs of karma, good deeds equal good life and vice versa, or treating others the way you want to be treated the central theme is goodness. Evil is created by people and how we interpret other people’s actions. Not all people believe the same types of things are evil, some find mental disease as a scientific diagnosis others a possession of the devil. Some people define evil as anyone different from their skin, religious belief, or everyday mannerisms. The Holocaust is one major example of evil in action. Hitler thought he was doing a good thing by getting rid of all the Jews and others who were different from him and so did his followers. The rest of the world saw it as pure evil and did everything they could to stop or try to prevent more and more Jews from dying. Many people have different perceptions of evil and its origin. Some question â€Å"If God is all powerful and amazing why would he create evil? Why not just let everyone live in happiness and harmony? † It is hard to answer questions like these because not all people have the same morals or values as other people. Some value separate gods who have different worldly tasks, others one powerful and almighty God creator of heaven and earth, and some who don’t believe in a higher above but still have their own set of rules and morals. From a Christian perspective evil is of the devils work and there are many things in the bible showing what is and isn’t evil. A major topic in today’s society is homosexuality rights such as marriage. In the bible there are many different verses about homosexuality as a bad thing and as a good thing. In the book of Genesis, the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are talked about for their wickedness and sin. Eventually God destroys them to prove a point and attempt to get rid of sin. Because many people don’t know how to interpret homosexuality, they throw it into the mix of sin that was in Sodom and Gomorrah. There are many versus in the bible such as â€Å"Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. † 1 Corinthians 6:9-10. Some argue that the term homosexual offenders are referring to male prostitution rather than two committed same sex partners. Others believe that Paul wouldn’t have written prostitution twice even though the Bible is full of repetition. Different versus discuss that homosexuality is detestable and actors on this should be put to death. Because people aren’t used to the idea of people being happy with someone who has the same gender, people create these titles and make harmless things seem evil. There are plenty of things that the bible condones as evil however society still does it. Premarital sex, divorce, abortion, cursing, using the Lord’s name in vein are all things that are considered evil and sinful yet they’re part of our daily lives. We create television shows to broadcast teen pregnancy and divorces in the courtroom and part of those shows include cursing, defacing the Lord’s name and thoughts of abortion yet we watch them for our entertainment. MTV created Teen Mom other stations created Divorce Court and so many other things like the Bachelor and Bachelorette all broadcasting and encouraging what’s said to be evil actions in life yet no one bats an eye. However when two people who love one another choose to express themselves and vow to love one another forever that happen to be the same gender people freak out and all of a sudden their religion comes out of hiding. People can’t expect evil not to take place when they encourage the behavior. Evil comes in all forms, shapes and sizes. The questioning of its creation shouldn’t be asked why God did it, but why we view things as evil. Why is it evil for two men or two women to lie in bed together and love one another? It doesn’t harm anyone who isn’t directly involved so why stress over it? The Bible also talks about divorce being evil and sinful in which the punishment is for the woman to be stoned. Why aren’t we stoning people today if the same principle is applied? I believe that we all create our own evil as a way to decipher what we believe isn’t morally correct to create a comfort for ourselves. Not to say that killing someone will ever be justifiable but there are different extremes of evil just as there is good. Unfortunately people don’t know the balance between the two, so they pick the battles that they feel they will win. There are evil things out there in the world such as: murder mass or individual, human trafficking and rape, and all forms of abuse. Those are the things that most people will agree to be unjust evil actions in today’s society. Evil’s definition is associated with pain, harmful, wicked, or injurious. It also speaks of being immoral however everyone’s morals are different. Morals are based on perception and religion and since not everyone believes the same religion or has the same perception, people should be allowed to express their own beliefs within reason.

Beginning French Hotel Dialogue